Democratic Republic of the Congo

Status: adopted sub-national law or policy

In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo), edicts are enacted in the provinces of North and South Kivu to protect human rights defenders (HRDs). Discussions concerning the creation of a national legislative protection framework for HRDs have been ongoing since 2017. A new proposal is expected be finalised in 2022.

In May 2017, a bill on responsibilities and protection of human rights defenders was proposed by the Senate to the National Assembly. In September 2017, the National Assembly responded with a counter-proposal: the bill on the protection and regime of the activity of human rights defenders. The counter-proposal was very different, however, and in reality limited the protection of HRDs rather than strengthening it. More specifically, the latter proposal imposed very strict criteria on who qualifies as a human right defender, and requires that they have a diploma from the state, as well as possess a “good moral character” (see Article 8 of the bill). This drasticallyrestricts the scope of the legislation. In October 2017, a number of civil society organisations (CSOs) addressed this issue in a letter to the National Assembly. In 2018, the National Commission of Human Rights created a proposal reuniting the two texts of the National Assembly and the Senate. However, this version was also not agreed upon. Due to this disagreement, the project of a protection bill was stalled.

At the provincial level, two edicts have been adopted. On 10 February 2016, the Governor of South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo adopted Edict No. 001/2016 on the protection of human rights defenders and journalists in the South Kivu province. In November 2019, North Kivu followed suit with Edict No. 001/2019. Both of these edicts only contain a limited selection of rights and freedoms, however, and they are only applicable the specific provinces, and implemented conform to national laws. Discussions on local edicts are ongoing in Sud-Ubangi, Ituri and Maniema.

Currently, discussions on a new proposal that would have a country-wide scope are under way in the National Assembly. In March 2022, a working group was organised in Kinshasa to discuss a new draft bill that will be presented to the General Assembly later in 2022 (the final report of the working session can be found here, a recording of the session can be found here). Although the new draft bill is based on the first proposition presented to the Senate in 2017, the session made an important emphasis on the lessons learned from the previous attempt in 2017.

The situation of human rights defenders is equally monitored by international mechanisms such as the UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders (who paid their last country visit to the DR Congo in 2010) and the African Commission’s Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders. In 2019, the Universal Periodic Review working group’s report led to the adoption of several recommendations that urged the DR Congo national authorities to review and adopt legislation for the protection of human rights defenders.

Despite these developments, the DR Congo has been rated as “repressed” by the 2022 Civicus Monitor  and is declared “not free” by the 2021 Freedom House Democracy Index. This is mainly due to the increase of human rights violations linked to civic space in 2020, such as arbitrary arrests, freedom of press restrictions and death threats aimed at human rights defenders criticising the government, such as the death threat received by HRD Dieudonné Tshimpidimbua in January 2022.

Protection International has been participating in the process by lending financial and content-related support by providing input for the draft proposal, assisting in the developments of priorities and strategies aiming at influencing public policies for the protection of human rights defenders, or by participating in meetings and workshops concerning the development of local and national protection policies for HRDs.  

Updated on 05/05/22

REFERENCES AND DOCUMENTS

Edict No. 001/2016 of February 2016 on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders and Journalists in South Kivu Province. https://www.protectioninternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/edit.pdf

Edict No. 001/2019 of November 2019 on the Protection of Men and Women Human Rights Defenders and Journalists in North Kivu Province here: https://www.focus-obs.org/documents/provincial-edict-on-the-protection-of-men-and-women-human-rights-defenders-f-ddh-and-journalists-in-north-kivu/

Emba, A. (March 11, 2022). RDC : bientôt, une loi relative à la protection des DDH. https://ouragan.cd/2022/03/rdc-bientot-une-loi-relative-a-la-protection-des-ddh/

Frontline defenders (2022). THREATS AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER DIEUDONNÉ TSHIMPIDIMBUA. Frontline Defenders, available on https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/threats-against-human-rights-defender-dieudonne-tshimpidimbua

Proposition de Loi Relative à la protection et à la responsabilité du défenseur des droits humains (May 2017). https://ishr.ch/sites/default/files/documents/loi_protection_ddh_adoptee_par_senat.pdf

Proposition de loi organique visant à renforcer le rôle du Défenseur des droits en matière de signalement d’alerte. (Février 2022). https://www.senat.fr/leg/ppl21-426.html

Proposition de loi portant protection et regime de l’activité des défenseurs des droits humains (Septembre 2017) https://ishr.ch/sites/default/files/documents/loi_ddh_-_version_la_plus_recente.pdf

Proposition de la Commission Nationale des droits de l’Homme après analyse des deux textes votes en des termes non identiques par l’Assemblée Nationale et le Sénat (Avril 2018). https://www.cndhrdc.cd/glis_c/a_cndh/SKE_a_cndh_3747181406PROPOSITIONDELOIRELATIVEALAPROTECTIONETALARESPONSABILtexteharminise.pdf

RDC : Un projet de Loi vise à museler et criminaliser les DDH. Communiqué de presse. (October 2017) https://www.protectioninternational.org/sites/default/files/27_10_2017_RDC_Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse_Proposition_Loi_DDH.pdf